English
is generally recognized as the international language for professional astronomy.
However, the various languages often also have their own words which are used in
everyday speech.
English Sun Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Latin Sol Mercurius Venus Terra Luna Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto French Soleil Mercure Vénus Terre Lune Mars Jupiter Saturne Uranus Neptune Pluton Italian Sole Mercurio Venere Terra Luna Marte Giove Saturno Urano Nettuno Plutone Maltese Ix-Xemx Merkurju Venere Id-Dinja il-Qamar Marte Gove Saturno Uranu Nettunu Plutone Spanish Sol Mercurio Venus Tierra Luna Marte Júpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutón Galacian Sol Mercurio Venus Terra Lúa Marte Xúpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutón Catalan Sol Mercuri Venus Terra Lluna Mart Júpiter Saturn Urà Neptú Plutó Romanian Soare Mercur Venus Pamint Luna Marte Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Portuguese Sol Mercúrio Vênus Terra Lua Marte Júpiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutão Esperanto Suno Merkuro Venuso Tero Luno Marso Jupitero Saturno Urano Neptuno Plutono German Sonne Merkur Venus Erde Mond Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Dutch Zon Mercurius Venus Aarde Maan Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Swedish Solen Merkurius Venus Jorden Månen Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Norwegian Sola Merkur Venus Jorda Månen Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Danish Solen Merkur Venus Jorden Månen Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptun Pluto Icelandic Sól Merkúr Venus Jörd Tungl Mars Júpíter Satúrnus Úranus Neptúnus Plútó Finnish Aurinko Merkurius Venus Maa Kuu Mars Jupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Albanian Dielli Merkuri Afërdita Toka Hëna Marsi Jupiteri Saturni Uranusi Neptuni Plutoni Estonian Päike Merkuur Veenus Maa Kuu Marss Jupiter Saturn Uraan Neptuun Pluuto Latvian Saule Merkurs Vene'ra Zeme Me'ness Marss Jupiters Saturns Ura'ns Neptu'ns Pluto Hungarian Nap Merkùr Vénusz Föld Hold Mars Jupiter Szaturnusz Uránusz Neptunusz Plútó Czech Slunce Merkur Venuse Zeme Mesíc Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluto old Czech Slunce Dobropan Krasopani Zeme Mesic Smrtonos Kralomoc Hladolet Nebestanka Vodopan Pluto Slovenian Sonce Merkur Venera Zemlja Mesec Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Croatian Sunce Merkur Venera Zemlja Mjesec Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Serbian Sunce Merkur Venera Zemlja Mesec Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Polish Slonce Merkury Wenus Ziemia Ksiezyc Mars Jowisz Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Georgian Mze Merkuri Venera Dedamizha Mthware Marsi Iupiteri Saturni Urani Neptuni Plutoni Russian Solnce Merkurij Venera Zemlja Luna Mars Yupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Ukrainian Sontse Merkuriy Venera Zemlya Misyatsy Mars Yupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Belarussian Sontsa Merkury Venera Zyamlya Mesyats Mars Yupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Bulgarian Slanze Merkurij Venera Zemya Luna Mars Jupiter Saturn Uran Neptun Pluton Basque Eguzkia Merkurio Artizar Lurra Ilargia Martitza Jupiter Saturno Urano Neptuno Pluton Greek Helios Hermes Aphrodite Gaea Selene Ares Zeus Kronos Uranos Poseidon Pluton Sanskrit Surya Budha Sukra Dhara Chandra Mangala Brhaspati Sani Gujarati Surya Budh Shukra Prathivi Chandra Mangal Guru Shani Prajapathie Varun Yamdev Bengali Surya Budh Shukra Prithivi Chand Mangal BrihaspatiShani Tamil Njaayar Budan Vellhi Buumi Tingalh Sevvaay Viyaazhan Sani Thai Surya Budha Sukra Lok Chandra Angkarn Prhasbadi Sao Uranus Neptune Pluto Irish Grian Mearcair Véineas An Domhan Gealach Mars Iúpatar Satarn Uránas Neiptiún Plútón Welsh Haul Mercher Gwener Daear Lleuad Mawrth Iau Sadwrn Wranws Neifion Plwton Hebrew Shemesh Kochav Chama Nogah Eretz Yareach Ma'adim Tzedek Shabtay Uranus Neptune Pluto Arabic Shams Otaared Zuhra Ard Quamar Merrikh Mushtarie Zuhal Uraanus Niptuun Plutoon Swahili Jua Zebaki Zuhura Dunia Mwezi Mirihi Sumbula Zohari Turkish Günes Merkür Venüs Dünya Ay Mars Jüpiter Satürn Uranüs Neptün Plüton Uzbek Quyosh Utorid Zuhra Yer Oy Mirrikh Mushtarij Zuhal Farsi Khorshid Tir Naheed Zamin Mah Bahram Berjis Kayvon Oranos Nepton Pluton Cantonese Taiyeung Suising Gumsing Deiqao Yueqao Fuosing Moqsing Tousing Tinwongsing Huoiwongsing Mengwongsing Mandarin Taiyang Shuixing Jinxing Diqiu Yueqiu Huoxing Muxing Tuxing Tianwangxing Haiwangxing Mingwangxing Korean Taeyang Soosung Kumsung Jeegoo Dal Hwasung Moksung Tosung Chunwangsung Haewangsung Myungwangsung Japanese Taiyou Suisei Kinsei Chikyuu Tsuki Kasei Mokusei Dosei Ten'ousei Kaiousei Meiousei Filipino Araw Merkuryo Venus Daigdig Buwan Marte Jupiter Saturno Uranus Neptuno Pluto Indonesian Matahari Merkurius Venus Bumi Bulan Mars Yupiter Saturnus Uranus Neptunus Pluto Malay Matahari Utarid Zuhrah Bumi Bulan Marikh Musytari Zuhal Uranus Neptun Pluto Sumerian Utu Udu-idim-gu-ud Nin-si-an-na Suen Si-mu-ud Mul-sag-me-gar Udu-idim-sag-us Babylonian Samas Sihtu Delebat Ersetu Sin Salbatanu Neberu Kayamanu Tahitian Mahana Taa'ero Ta'urua Fenua Marama Maunu'Ura Ta'urua-nui Feti'a Tea Hawaiian Laa Ukaliali'i Hookuuloa Honua Mahina Hookuu'ula Ka'aawela Makulu Hele'ekela Nepekune 'IliokiNotes:
The English adjectives relating to the planets do not always derive simply from the
noun forms:
Noun Adjectival form ------ --------------- Sun Solar Mercury Mercurial Venus Cytherean, Venerian Earth Terrestrial, Telluric Moon Lunar Mars Martian, Arean Jupiter Jovian Saturn Saturnian Uranus Uranian Neptune Neptunian Pluto Plutonian, Hadean
The seven-day system we use is based on the ancient astrological
notion that the seven known celestial bodies
influence what happens on Earth and that each of these celestial bodies
controls the first hour of the day named after it. This system was
brought into Hellenistic Egypt from Mesopotamia, where astrology had
been practiced for millennia and where seven had always been a
propitious number. In A.D. 321 the Emperor Constantine the Great
grafted this astrological system onto the Roman calendar, made the
first day of this new week a day of rest and worship for all, and
imposed the following sequence and names to the days of the week.
This new Roman system was adopted with modifications throughout most
of western Europe: in the Germanic languages, such as Old English, the
names of four of the Roman gods were converted into those of the
corresponding Germanic gods:
Celestial Germanic modern modern
Body Latin god English Italian
------- -------- -------- --------- ----------
Sun Solis Sunday domenica
Moon Lunae Monday lunedì
Mars Martis Tiu Tuesday martedì
Mercury Mercurii Wodan Wednesday mercoledì
Jupiter Jovis Donar Thursday giovedì
Venus Veneris Freya Friday venerdì
Saturn Saturni Saturday sabato
The Latin names for the weekdays survive in the modern Romance languages (though the weekend day names have been altered). Also, Japanese words for the days of the week also correspond indirectly to the same planets.
Two of the English month names are also have planetary connections: January is named for Janus and March is named for Mars.