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General Description

The first problem in the reduction of echelle spectra is, of course, the solution of the dispersion relation. That is the mapping between the space wavelength, spectral order and the space sample x, line y in the raw image. This relation gives the position of the orders on the raw image, and defines the wavelength scale of the extracted spectrum. The mapping is performed in two steps:

Sections gif and gif describe the solution of this mapping.

The second step in the reduction, described in Section gif, is to estimate the image background. The background depends mainly on the characteristics of the detector, but includes the additional components of the scattered light in the optics and spectrograph. This operation corresponds to the step ``Subtract Background'' in fig. gif.

A particular problem in the CCD--detector used by the two echelle instruments is the appearence of interference fringes produced within the silicon, which can be especially important in the long wavelength range of the instrument. By processing the flat-field (first column of fig. gif), correction frames are prepared and used for the standard star and the object reduction. A method to correct for this effect is described in Section gif.

After the corrections for all these effects, the information in the spectral orders is extracted using the methods described in Section gif. The extracted flux, used in conjunction with the dispersion relation, gives the photometric profiles of the spectral orders. Two instrumental effects are still present in these profiles: first, due to the blaze effect of the echelle grating, the efficiency of the spectrograph changes along each order; second, the efficiency of the whole instrument is not uniform with wavelength. In Section gif we describe how to correct both effects, to normalize the fluxes and, if the input data includes calibration stars, to convert the fluxes into absolute units.

Note a standard star exposure (STD) is a recommended observation strategy which can make easier the order definition in the blue part of the spectrum as well as the correction of individual orders for the variations of grating efficiency (blaze function).

The steps summarised above comprise the STANDARD reduction. Alternatively, it is possible to correct the variation in sensitivity along the spectral orders using a suitable model for the blaze function as described in Section gif. Figure gif displays the process scheme in a typical reduction session; slanted fonts indicate optional operations. In the rest of this Section the algorithms used in each step of the reduction are described.



next up previous contents
Next: Order Definition Up: Echelle Reduction Method Previous: Retrieving demonstration and



Rein Warmels
Mon Jan 22 15:08:15 MET 1996